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With the unprecedented load of 14 experimental projects accompanied by the launch of Tiangong-2, this "celestial palace" is the "busiest" space laboratory in the history of Chinese aerospace. The only international cooperation experimental project "The celestial pole" telescope is vividly called "little bee". It is not an ordinary optical telescope, but is the most sensitive gamma ray burst polarization detection instrument in the world. It works like a bee. Compound Eyes "generally captures the sudden gamma-ray burst (abbreviated as Gamma-ray burst) phenomenon in the distant universe.
The most beautiful "flowers of life" bloom
Knowing the gamma rays can understand the GRB. Zhang Shuangnan, a researcher at the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the chief scientist of the “Tianji†Gamma-ray Polarization Polarization Detector project, explained that gamma rays, like visible light, are electromagnetic waves.
Electromagnetic waves can be classified into radio waves, microwaves, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, and gamma rays in accordance with the long-to-short wavelengths. Gamma-ray is the shortest wavelength and highest energy electromagnetic wave, and its energy is more than several hundred thousand times larger than visible light. Gamma rays are also very penetrating. Earth has atmospheric protection. Various gamma rays cannot reach the ground. Detection can only be done in space.
Gamma-storm is short for universe gamma-ray burst, and it is a burst of gamma rays. Under normal circumstances, the star will have a violent outbreak within the last moments of life, which may be accompanied by a strong gamma-ray burst. Although this kind of gamma ray radiation lasts for several thousand seconds, it is shorter than one hundredth of a second. However, its brightness exceeds the sum of other celestial bodies in the universe. The radiant energy is more than the lifetime of the sun (in billions of years). The energy is much more, just like the last “flower of life†of the star, will bloom in a flash of life.
In addition, when two black holes or neutron stars finally merge together, it will also produce strong gamma-ray bursts. The energy of such explosions is usually tens of thousands higher than the total energy of supernova explosions that we generally know. Times, also known as the most violent celestial bodies after the Big Bang explosion.
Since the discovery of GRB in 1973, its origins and physical processes have been an active frontier in astronomy and physics. Since 1997, the observational research on GRB has been awarded 4 times by the "Science" magazine as one of the top ten technological achievements of the year in the world.
"Bee" prefers gamma-burst Gamma-ray Polarization refers to the polarization of gamma rays emitted by a gamma burst. Since gamma rays are a kind of electromagnetic wave, let us first understand the polarization of electromagnetic waves: if electromagnetic waves propagate to the left, and the electric and magnetic fields containing vibrations in the plane perpendicular to the propagation direction are also perpendicular to each other, the vibration direction of the electric field is The direction of polarization of electromagnetic waves. Similarly, the gamma rays emitted by the GRB are also electromagnetic waves, so the polarization of the gamma rays is the vibration direction of the electromagnetic field.
The gamma-ray photons generated by the cosmic objects have the following four kinds of information: photon arrival time, energy, direction, and polarization. Scientists have already had mature methods to detect and study the first three aspects, but they have encountered a nail in the final polarization detection. To solve this problem, the "Sky Pole" telescope, which was led by the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, was founded. The University of Geneva, Switzerland, the Swiss Paul Sheer Institute, and the Polish Institute of Nuclear Physics participated in the development of the "Tianji" telescope.
When it comes to telescopes, people first think about ordinary telescopes. The “sky†is not the same. Its full name is “the celestial†gamma-ray polarization detector (English name POLAR). It is a high-sensitivity method specifically designed to measure the polarization of gamma bursts. The detector, installed outside the cabin of the Tiangong-2 space laboratory and facing away from the earth, can effectively capture the gamma photons generated during the gamma-ray burst and measure their polarization properties.
"The celestial pole" is vividly called "little bee" because the bee has 3 single eyes and 2 compound eyes, and each compound eye contains 6300 small eyes. These small eyes can determine the orientation of the sun according to the polarized light of the sun. "The celestial pole" and the bee's principle of measuring polarization are not the same, but they have similarities in the construction of the "eye". “Tianji†uses a 1600 plastic scintillation rod (a gamma ray induces fluorescence in the plastic material) to form a detector array, and acquires polarization by measuring the position distribution of multiple plastic scintillation rods that simultaneously interact with each gamma ray photon. information.
In addition, because the GRB is an unpredictable and randomly occurring astronomical event, in order to maximize the capture of GRBs, the “TERMINAL†will start running as much as possible, as hard as a bee, tirelessly. Find the most magnificent star in the universe "Flower of Life."
Gamma-polarization polarization opens a new window for the development of astronomy The origin of GRB and the corresponding physical processes have been one of the most cutting-edge topics that astronomers have studied. It involves a star-scale process on a cosmological scale and can link the three most important levels of astrophysics - stars, galaxies, and cosmology. Although people have made considerable progress in the study of GRBs over the past decade or so, the studies of polarization phenomena that are essential for understanding the causes of GRBs and generating magnetic fields and geometric structures around the environment have not been studied because of technical limitations. Breakthrough progress, even to say it is still a blank field. Zhang Shuangnan explained that this is mainly because the gamma ray polarization measurement is very different from the general measurement method. In addition to measuring the direction, energy and time of photon arrival, it needs to pass through multiple processes in the gamma ray detector. It is technically very difficult to obtain polarization measurement information.
As the most sensitive gamma-ray burst polarization detection instrument in the world, the main scientific goal of “Tianji†is to observe gamma-ray bursts and measure the polarization properties of gamma-ray bursts. Expected to run for two years, it can detect about 100 gamma-ray bursts. Although not the most in number, the “sky†can obtain the largest sample of high-precision gamma-ray polarization measurements. By systematically measuring the polarization of gamma-ray bursts, it is possible to limit or constrain the radiation mechanism model of gamma-ray bursts from observations, in order to better understand this most dramatic explosion phenomenon in the extreme astrophysical environment of the universe. The mechanism makes important contributions.
As scientists say, telescopes and detectors are the front of a train of astronomy. On the one hand, astronomers have made the telescope bigger and more sensitive, allowing the train to move faster. At the same time, they are still pondering over how to build new railways and open new tunnels so that trains can experience different landscapes. Gamma-ray polarization detection is such a "new railway", and the "Yiji" Gamma-ray Polarization Detector has opened up a new window for the study of Gamma-ray violence. We look forward to the only international cooperation in this "Temple II". Experimental projects can open up a new world of astrophysics for humanity.
(Original title: "Temple II" international cooperation experimental project gamma-ray polarization detection)
Detector helps “Tiangong II†accurately capture gamma storm
[China Instrument Network Instrument R&D] is generally considered to be a "long-lasting" phenomenon that occurs when large-scale stars die, and is often associated with distant supernova explosions. After the massive star depleted nuclear fuel quickly, the core could no longer continue to react and produce energy, so it collapsed under its own gravity and quickly formed a black hole. In theory, during the collapse process, energy will be emitted in the form of high-energy radiation in two very narrow directions. This forms a GRB.
"Yinji" telescope design schematic